It was announced last week that fertility rates in England and Wales are at an all-time low. The decline in fertility rates have been linked to a range of lifestyle and environmental factors, impacting both female and male fertility.
Studies indicate that male sperm parameters, including count, concentration, and motility, are significantly lower than even 20 years ago. This concerning trend in male reproductive health is influenced by numerous modern environmental and dietary factors that interfere with reproductive functions.
Whilst there are multiple factors that come into play, one of the most concerning is the role of endocrine disrupters and their impact on fertility. Chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics, pesticides like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), parabens in personal care products, and general air pollution all act as endocrine disruptors. These compounds can interfere with hormone production and function, impacting both male and female reproductive systems. BPA and phthalates, for instance, mimic oestrogen in the body, leading to hormonal imbalances that can lower sperm quality and impair fertility.
Diet also plays a crucial role in fertility. An increasing reliance on ultra-processed foods—which are high in sugar, unhealthy fats, additives, and preservatives but low in essential nutrients—have negative effects on overall health, including reproductive health. Ultra-processed foods often lack antioxidants, healthy fats like omega 3 and essential minerals such as zinc that protect sperm from oxidative damage, contributing to lower sperm count and quality.
Additionally, modern diets are typically low in fibre, which is essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome. The microbiome influences many aspects of health, including hormone balance and immune function, both of which are vital for fertility. Low fibre intake and poor microbiome health are linked with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, further compromising reproductive health.
Addressing these issues requires minimising exposure to chemical disruptors, following a Mediterranean dietary pattern, prioritising whole foods, and including adequate fibre in the diet to support a balanced microbiome and better reproductive health.
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